APA,MLA,AMA,Chicago,Turabian引文格式简介：总起来说APA主要是用于心理、教育及社会科学等学科；MLA是用于人文、艺术等学科；AMA主要用于医学、健康及生物科学等学科；Chicago主要用于书籍、杂志、新闻等媒体。

在引用文献时，各个杂志有各个杂志的要求，但多遵循一种规范。常见的引文格式主要有APA，MLA和Chicago三种规范，Google Scholar也支持这三种引文格式的输出。这些引文格式之间有何区别？本文作一简要介绍。我也是一边学习一边撰写，就当一个学习笔记吧。

APA

APA是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association， APA）所制定的一种引文格式。APA主要用于心理、教育及社会科学等学科。

APA参考文献的文中格式一般为作者和发表日期加上页码，而非常见的数字格式。

最新的APA引文格式是第6版，出版于2009年。官方网站是http://www.apastyle.org，可以在其官方网站找到APA引文格式的最新版本。简要的概括一下，APA引文格式的要求主要有以下几个方面：

1、文章格式是双倍行间，包括参考文献也是如此。

2、引文要整体缩进0.5英寸或1.27cm。

3、引文排列顺序是第一作者姓氏的字母顺序。

4、作者的姓氏第一个字母大写，全名并不要求大写。

5、如果引文中有2篇或2篇以上的引文是同一作者，排序则以引文发表年代计算。

6、文章第一个字母要大写，杂志名称要全部大写。

7、杂志及期刊卷要用斜体，期刊的期不要斜体。如果引文是书籍或者报告，题目也要斜体。

8、文章中要是有图表的话要置于文末，并且要提供原始图表。

这样说有些空洞，来几个例子。其实以下内容您可以忽略。

Journal Article: 有电子版及书面版，有DOI编号

Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0302_13

Journal Article: 无DOI编号

Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised planet: Alliances and struggles of the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s. The Aging Male, 6, 175-182. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.com/TheAgingMale

Magazine Article

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.

Newspaper Article

Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, pp. A3, A20-A22.

Ebert, R. (2009, May 6). [Review of the motion picture Star trek, produced by Paramount, 2009]. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com

Books

Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York, NY: Pocket Books.

书籍无作者或者作者是团体

Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, and strange new worlds. (1995). Radnor, PA: News America Publications.

Book Article or Chapter

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Encyclopedia Article

Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In L. T. Lorimer et al. (Eds.), The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

ERIC Document

Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED364932)

Websites:

Epsicokhan, J. (2004, February 20). Confessions of a closet trekkie. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Jammer's Reviews website: http://www.jammersreviews.com/articles/confessions.php

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2009, May 28). NASA astronaut watches new Star trek movie in space. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/star_trek.html

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2007, May 10). Mission could seek out Spock's home planet. Retrieved from PlanetQuest: Exoplanet Exploration website: http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/planetVulcan.cfm

The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007, October 24). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek Official Site website: http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article/2310913.html

Blog

Zompist. (2009, September 30). Star wars: Hope not so new anymore [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://zompist.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/star-wars-hope-not-so-new-anymore/

Internet Video

Crusade2267. (2006, November 02). For the uniform: One fan's obsession with Star trek, part 1 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul5q4PTME-M

PowerPoint Presentation

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